Artificial Intelligence1 min read

Voters rejected AI data centers over resource concerns. Here's why measuring water usage is hard

By · Published by Everything Blog

In short

Recent ballot measures saw voters approve 40 of 41 local restrictions aimed at curbing data center developments nationwide. Modern artificial intelligence processors generate extreme heat that necessitates liquid cooling, but external heat rejection methods force companies to choose between burning massive amounts of power or utilizing scarce water supplies. Consequently, even advanced facilities with internal closed-loop systems often demand millions of gallons of water daily during periods of extreme heat.

Key points

  • Assessing local resource impacts is difficult because technology companies generally repo…: Assessing local resource impacts is difficult because technology companies generally report their resource consumption figures companywide rather than by individual sites.
  • Water provides cooling that is approximately 3,000 times more efficient than air for diss…: Water provides cooling that is approximately 3,000 times more efficient than air for dissipating intense heat from advanced graphics processors.
  • Operators must balance critical trade-offs between consuming water resources or utilizing…: Operators must balance critical trade-offs between consuming water resources or utilizing energy-intensive dry cooling systems that drive up electricity usage.

Sources checked by our analysis pipeline: 1

Voters made it clear this week that they want to see limits put on data centers for artificial intelligence, passing 40 of 41 proposed ballot measures that would place restrictions on some of the more than 2,000 new facilities planned for communities around the nation.

Water and power top the list of ratepayers' concerns. But calculating how much each data center draws from local resources is an elusive task, with operators typically reporting usage figures companywide instead of site by site.

Giant 1-gigawatt AI data centers from the likes of Meta, Google, Amazon and SpaceX can consume up to 10 million gallons of water per day, according to Shaolei Ren, a data center researcher and professor at University of California, Riverside.

The exact number varies greatly depending on what type of hardware is inside a data center, where it's built, and what method is used to cool the servers and the building as a whole.

The complex ways data centers use water have left room for misinformation from both the builders and those fighting against them. CNBC talked to experts…

Artificial Intelligence