Artificial Intelligence1 min read

Five Ways NVIDIA Co-Design Maximizes the Value of Every Byte in the AI Factory

By · Published by Everything Blog

In short

While physical capacity remains at 288 GB between generations, the Vera Rubin NVL72 achieves up to 30 times the throughput per megawatt of the GB300 NVL72 on agentic benchmarks. The company developed the NVFP4 format to halve key-value cache sizes and reduce weight footprints by 1.8 times compared to FP8. Additionally, the GB200 NVL72 leverages 130 TB/s of aggregate NVLink bandwidth to distribute expert weights across interconnected GPUs via TensorRT-LLM.

Key points

  • Data compression techniques like NVFP4 allow roughly twice as much context to remain resi…: Data compression techniques like NVFP4 allow roughly twice as much context to remain resident on-device while preserving accuracy.
  • Pooling memory across aggregate NVLink bandwidth frees local GPU memory to store larger k…: Pooling memory across aggregate NVLink bandwidth frees local GPU memory to store larger key-value caches.
  • Utilizing wide expert parallelism enables systems to generate up to 1.8 times more output…: Utilizing wide expert parallelism enables systems to generate up to 1.8 times more output tokens per second per GPU.

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In an AI factory, high bandwidth memory (HBM)is the fastest, most expensive, and most contested memory tier. Every byte spent on a redundant weight copy, an idle session’s KV cache, or a recomputed prefix is a byte that is not being used to produce tokens. The question is no longer how much memory a GPU has, but how much useful work each byte delivers.

The generational data in Figure 1 below shows why. From GB300 to NVIDIA Rubin, capacity held at 288 GB while bandwidth rose to 19.2 TB/s.

agentic throughput per megawatt grew far faster. On SemiAnalysis AgentX, which replays recorded coding-agent sessions with real tool-call gaps and growing context, NVIDIA Vera Rubin NVL72 then delivers up to 30x the throughput per megawatt of GB300 NVL72 at 160 tokens per second per user.

Capacity alone cannot explain a 30x gain delivered from the same 288 GB per GPU. The difference is how much useful work each byte delivers.

NVIDIA treats this as a co-design problem that spans GPU architecture, the scale-up interconnect, serving software, the CPU, and storage. This…

Artificial Intelligence